This study assesses students' understanding of the relationship between science, technology, and society, and compares the responses of science-oriented and non-science oriented high school seniors. (Non-science oriented students are those who did not take either chemistry or physics.) A sample of 1,493 seniors took the Test on the Social Aspects of Science (TSAS) as part of the Test Every Senior Project. The 52 items on the TSAS are grouped into five areas: the relationship between science and technology, the interaction of science and society, the nature of science, the characteristics of scientists, and the scientist's role in society. A chi square comparison between the science and the non-science oriented students was made on each of the test items in these groups. Science-oriented students showed a more positive attitude toward science, a better understanding of the nature of the scientific enterprise, and a more realistic conception of the characteristics of scientists. Non-science oriented students were weakest in areas related to the nature of science and the characteristics of scientists. Curriculum for both science and non-science oriented students needs to more effectively emphasize the social aspects of science. (PR)