The land-grant universities, through Cooperative Extension Services, have performed the most important university outreach function in America. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 stated that the function of Cooperative Extension was to provide practical instruction in subjects related to agriculture and home economics. Subsequent amendments to the Act and earmarked congressional appropriations have made it clear that the service is to deal with all matters of vital concern to rural Americans. Although the university never serves as an instrument of direct social action, it can be a vital force in bringing about action on the part of individuals, organizations, and institutions through its educational activities. Since the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act, General Extension Services have moved more aggressively in developing programs to help fight poverty. With funding under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Title I of the Higher Education Act, University Extension Divisions have assisted public schools and communities to become more effective in dealing with disadvantaged people. Through their Extension Divisions, universities can work in 4 major areas: (1) public affairs education, (2) training leaders to work with the poor, (3) direct work with the poor, and (4) modifying community organizations. (EJ)