Intended to promote discussion about unemployment and underemployment in America, this report considers the question of who among the poor do, or do not, work, and why; the occupations, industries, regional distribution, and other characteristics of the working poor; estimates as to how many more jobs could be filled or created during 1965-75; and the role of private and public employers in meeting "hard core" employment needs. Finally, the report asserts the need to combine current training and hiring efforts in the private sector with the expansion and provision of public service at various levels of government and in nonprofit organizations. Twelve tables are included. (ly)