DESPITE THE GENERAL ACCEPTANCE OF THE IDEA THAT LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR AND COMMUNICATION ARE FIRST OF ALL SPOKEN, LANGUAGES ARE NOT ALWAYS TAUGHT ON THAT BASIS, AND CONFUSION STILL EXISTS ABOUT THE NATURE OF SPEECH AND WRITING. THE GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD WAS THE BASIC SYSTEM UNTIL WORLD WAR II, WHEN IT BECAME NECESSARY TO TRAIN MANY PEOPLE TO ACHIEVE ORAL FLUENCY. THE LINGUISTIC PRINCIPLES THAT FORMED THE BASIS OF THE ARMY SPECIALIZED TRAINING PROGRAM LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION (I.E., LANGUAGE IS SPEECH, LANGUAGE IS A SET OF HABITS, WE SHOULD TEACH THE LANGUAGE AND NOT ABOUT THE LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE IS WHAT NATIVE SPEAKERS SAY, AND LANGUAGES ARE DIFFERENT) HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED INTO AUDIOLINGUAL TEACHING SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS THAT EMPHASIZE THAT LANGUAGE MUST BE MASTERED BY IMITATION, VARIATION, AND SOME MEMORIZATION. DESPITE GREAT ADVANCES RECENTLY IN THE ADOPTION OF AUDIOLINGUAL METHODS AS POLICY, THE PROBLEM STILL EXISTS OF DEVELOPING DIFFERENT, MORE EFFECTIVE TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMS. (AB)